2023 by C. Masloch. Usage of the works is permitted provided that this instrument is retained with the works, so that any entity that uses the works is notified of this instrument. DISCLAIMER: THE WORKS ARE WITHOUT WARRANTY.
This document has been compiled on 2024-11-09.
MSDebug is a 86-DOS debugger based on the original Debug from Microsoft. It is based on the Debug sources of the 2018 free software release of MS-DOS version 2. A few features from newer Debug versions were recreated. Further, a few fixes and extensions have been added. However, two features are still missing:
MSDebug is intended to stay largely compatible to Debug. For a more powerful advanced debugger, consider lDebug, based on the FreeDOS Debug/X project. (Refer to section 12 for a list of lDebug features.)
,’ can be used to retry creation
retn instruction
imm:imm as far unconditionally, even if the segment matches the current assembly segment
MUL)
call dx (like later MS-DOS Debug) and call [300] and call [bx] (both new)
One switch is supported:
/?
The debugger provides a line-based text interface. The interface is written to DOS standard output.
The default command prompt indicates that a command may be entered. It is a dash ‘-’. Input is read from DOS standard input.
If the input is redirected from a file (a Debug script) it is crucial to include a Q command in the file. The lDebug sources claim that MSDebug may hang if it reaches the End Of File on standard input.
The R command (refer to section 6.18) without any parameters dumps the current register values. Then it disassembles a single instruction. The register dump looks like this:
-r
AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000
DS=42A4 ES=42A4 SS=42A4 CS=42A4 IP=0100 NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
42A4:0100 C3 RET
-
After running the program being debugged, usually the R command is also being run. This includes a step with the T or P commands. (Section 6.20, section 6.16.) It also includes a run with the G command. (Section 6.8.)
Another basic command is the D command (section 6.5). It is used to dump memory contents. For example, to dump part of a program:
-d
42A4:0140 8C C8 31 DB 05 59 19 50-53 CB 26 80 7F 02 00 74 .H1[.Y.PSK&....t
42A4:0150 14 26 C7 47 03 00 01 26-80 7F 02 0E 74 06 26 C7 .&GG...&....t.&G
42A4:0160 47 03 03 81 CB 50 1E 9C-53 BB 25 05 EB B5 5B 06 G...KP..S;%.k5[.
42A4:0170 E9 59 73 59 9D 13 20 63-B9 64 F6 2F 3C 65 67 67 iYsY.. c9dv/<egg
42A4:0180 E5 7B 08 6D 55 69 BD 6B-E9 6C D6 66 0A 3E 1C 6F e{.mUi=kilVf.>.o
42A4:0190 A3 1F 31 76 37 39 D1 45-76 7C 5E 78 CE 79 4D A3 #.1v79QEv|^xNyM#
42A4:01A0 00 00 00 00 10 41 00 00-0F 00 00 60 02 00 00 00 .....A.....`....
42A4:01B0 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00-00 00 00 00 10 41 00 00 .............A..
-
The U command is used to disassemble one or several instructions. Example:
-u
5BFD:0000 8CD0 MOV AX,SS
5BFD:0002 8CDA MOV DX,DS
5BFD:0004 29D0 SUB AX,DX
5BFD:0006 31D2 XOR DX,DX
5BFD:0008 B90400 MOV CX,0004
5BFD:000B D1E0 SHL AX,1
5BFD:000D D1D2 RCL DX,1
5BFD:000F E2FA LOOP 000B
5BFD:0011 50 PUSH AX
5BFD:0012 01E0 ADD AX,SP
5BFD:0014 83D200 ADC DX,+00
5BFD:0017 83C00F ADD AX,+0F
5BFD:001A 83D200 ADC DX,+00
5BFD:001D 24F0 AND AL,F0
5BFD:001F 83FA02 CMP DX,+02
-
A program to examine can be loaded using the N or K, then L commands. If the debugger is loaded with a filename specified in its command line, it will run the K and L commands on its own.
The K command sets up some buffers internal to the debugger. These are only used when a new process comes to be, either because the attached process has terminated or because a program-loading L command is used.
One of those buffers specifies the pathname of the executable file to load. The pathname must include the filename extension, if any. The pathname must be relative to the current directories at the time the L command runs, or it must be absolute. The tail of the K command after the pathname is used as the command line tail for a new debuggee process.
The N command behaves a little differently in MSDebug. The initial pathname is used as the program load filename in the same way as for the K command. However, the N command will use all its parameters as the command line tail, not just the remainder after the pathname. Further, it allcapses the command line tail. Finally, the N command will always write both the debugger's internal buffers as well as the PSP assumed to be addressable using the current debuggee DS register.
The L command without any parameters attempts to load the program specified to the last N or K command into a new process. If the L command does not display any messages this indicates success.
Once a program is loaded into the debugger it can be run in several ways:
The online help can be accessed using the ‘?’ command. Refer to section 10 for a copy of the online help.
The debugger installs its interrupt handlers only within the ‘dexit’ function, so as to return the control flow to this instance when it runs its debuggee code. On return into this instance, it uninstalls its handlers again. This mechanism allows to debug most of the debugger using a different debugger.
An additional command is supported, the BU command (which stands for "Break Upwards"). It will run a breakpoint within the debugger's code segment which will break into the other debugger. Its code was updated so it will break at the command dispatcher. This means if the outer debugger is an lDebug then it can be instructed to skip to the next command being dispatched by entering the command ‘G ip’.
Other than for the most trivial sessions it is recommended to control the outer debugger by serial I/O, separately from the I/O of the debuggable debugger.
Plain numbers are read in hexadecimal, up to 4 hexits. Plain number parameters are used by a lot of commands. Sometimes, the plain number parameter type is called ‘byte’ or ‘value’.
An address parameter is calculated with a default segment. First, a plain number may be parsed. If it is followed by a colon, the first number is taken as segment, and then another number is parsed for the offset.
Instead of a segment number, the name of one of the 4 segment registers may be specified. In this case the colon is mandatory, and a number for the offset must follow it.
Otherwise, the first number is used as the offset. Offsets are 16 bits.
Address parameters are used by a lot of commands.
A range parameter may have a default length, or it may be disallowed to omit a length. Parsing a range starts with parsing an address. Then, if the end of the line is not yet reached, an end for the range may be specified. The end may be a plain number, which is taken as the offset of the last byte to include in the range. The address of the last byte to include must be equal or above the address of the first byte that is included in the range. Specifying a start offset of 0 with an end offset of 0FFFFh is invalid because the maximum length is 0FFFFh.
The end may instead be specified with an ‘L’ keyword. In that case, the keyword is followed by a plain number. The maximum length is 0FFFFh. A length of zero is handled in a special way. For most commands parsing ranges, a length of zero indicates to operate on a full 64 KiB segment. Unlike other lengths, the zero length may cause a wrap around from offset 0FFFFh to 0000h. An exception is the U command, which treats a zero length in the same way as a 1 length.
If the default length is used (the line ends after the start address) then a start address near the end of a segment (1_0000h) will shorten the length if it would otherwise overflow the segment.
Range parameters are used by a lot of commands.
A list is made up of a sequence of items. Each item is either a plain number or a quoted string. List parsing continues until the end of the line. Each plain number represents a single byte. Quoted strings represent as many bytes as there are quoted. A quoted string can be delimited by single quotes ' or double quotes ". If the used delimiter quote mark occurs twice back to back while reading the quoted string, this is taken as an escape to include the delimiter mark itself as a byte of the string. List parameters are used by the E, F, and S commands. Refer to section 6.6, section 6.7, and section 6.19.
Each breakpoint is a single address, which defaults to the code segment. The breakpoint parameter type is used by the G command, refer to section 6.8.
A port is a plain number for parsing purposes. The port parameter type is used by the I and O commands, refer to section 6.10 and section 6.15.
A drive is a plain number. The number zero corresponds to drive A:. The drive parameter type is used by the L and W sector commands, refer to section 6.12 and section 6.23.
A sector is a plain number, which can be equal to any 16-bit value. The sector parameter type is used by the L and W sector commands, refer to section 6.12 and section 6.23.
A register specifies an internal variable of the debugger. These are the debuggee's registers as stored by the debugger in its data segment. One form of the R command uses a register parameter. This allows reading and writing the register values. Refer to section 6.18.
Online help ?
The question mark command (?) lists the online help screen. The full help page is listed in section 10.
assemble A [address]
Starts assembly at the indicated address (which defaults to CS segment), or if no address is specified, at the "asmadd".
Assembly mode has its own prompt. Entering an empty line terminates assembly mode. Comments can be given with a prefixed semicolon.
This command causes the debugger to execute an int3 instruction in its own code segment. This breaks to the next debugger that was installed prior to MSDebug.
compare C range address
Given a range, the address of which defaults to DS, and another address that also defaults to DS, this command compares strings of bytes, and lists the bytes that differ.
dump D [range]
Given a range, the address of which defaults to DS, this command dumps memory in hexadecimal and as ASCII characters. The default length if none is specified defaults to 128 bytes.
In the text dump, control characters are replaced by dots, while bytes with their high bit set are treated as if the high bit was clear.
If no range is specified, the D command continues dumping at "defdump", which is updated by each D command to point after the last shown byte.
enter E address [list]
The E command is used to enter values into memory. If the list is specified, its contents are written to the address specified. Otherwise, the interactive enter mode starts at the address specified.
In the interactive enter mode, the segmented address is displayed, and then the current byte value (2 hexadecimal digits) found at that address yet. Following the value a dot is displayed. For example:
-e 100
08BD:0100 C3.
At this point the debugger accepts several different inputs:
After entering a blank, the debugger will either display the next byte's current value in the same line or start a new line with the current segmented address and then the current byte value. A new line is started if the current offset is divisible by 8. For example, after entering 8 blanks:
-e 100
08BD:0100 C3. CC. CC. CC. CC. CC. CC. CC.
08BD:0108 CC.
After entering a minus, the minus is displayed on the current line and then (always) a new line is started to display the new segmented address (with its offset decremented). For example, entering a new value (‘A0’), then a blank, then a minus, and then another new value (‘A1’), then a CR:
-e 100
08BD:0100 C3.A0 CC.-
08BD:0100 A0.A1
-
fill F range list
The F command fills memory with a byte pattern. The first parameter is the range to fill. The next parameter is a list, which provides the pattern with which to fill. The pattern is repeated so as to fill the destination.
go G [=address] [addresses]
The G command runs the debuggee. It can be given a start address (the segment of which defaults to CS), prefixed by an equals sign, in which case CS:IP is set to that start address upon running.
The G command allows specifying breakpoints, which are segmented addresses. By default, 10 G breakpoints are supported.
hex H value1 value2
The H command performs calculation and displays the results. The first result is that which is calculated by adding the two numbers. The second result is calculated by subtracting the second number from the first number. The results are written as unsigned 16-bit numbers in hexadecimal, 4 hexits per number.
input I port
The I command inputs from an x86 port. The port can be any number between 0 and FFFFh. I inputs a byte from the specified port.
load L [address]
load L [address] [drive] [firstsector] [number]
move M range address
name N [pathname] [arglist]
set command K [pathname [arglist]]
These commands set up the filename and parameters to use when setting up a new process using the L (Load program) command. If the filename ends in .COM or .EXE it will be loaded as a DOS program using the interrupt 21h service 4B01h. If the filename ends in .HEX the debugger will parse it as an Intel hex file. Otherwise the file is loaded as a flat binary by the debugger itself. In any case, the PSP of the process created by the L command will receive the command line tail, which for K starts after the filename.
Unlike the N command, for the K command the executable filename is not included in the command line tail, and an existing process won't be modified by the K command. It only sets the filename and tail for L to use.
The N command writes to memory between DS:005Ch and DS:0100h. It stores the command line tail in allcaps.
The K command was added to MSDebug to provide the same experience as lDebug's K command, which matches lDebug's default N command. The K command behaves in a similar way to how MSDebug handles a program load pathname and command line tail specified on the MSDebug command line initially.
output O port byte
The O command outputs to an x86 port. The port can be any number between 0 and FFFFh. O outputs a byte to the specified port. The value to write is specified by the second number.
proceed P [=address] [number]
The P command causes debuggee to run a proceed step. This is the same as tracing (T command) for most instructions, but behaves differently for ‘int’, ‘call’, ‘loop’, and repeated string instructions. For these, a proceed breakpoint is written behind the instruction (similarly to how the G command writes breakpoints), and the debuggee is run without the Trace Flag set.
Like for the G command, a start address can be given to P prefixed by an equals sign. Next, a count may be specified, which causes the command to execute as many P steps as the count indicates.
quit Q
register R [register]
The R command without any register specified dumps the current registers, and disassembles the instruction at the current CS:IP location.
R with a register displays the current value of the specified variable. It then displays a prompt, allowing the user to enter a new value for that variable. Entering an empty line returns to the default debugger command line.
search S range list
The S command searches memory for a byte string. The range specifies the search space. The search string is specified as a list of byte values. The display of search results consists of the result's segmented address.
trace T [=address] [number]
The T command is similar to the P command. However, T traces all instructions.
unassemble U [range]
Given a range, the address of which defaults to CS, this command disassembles instructions from memory. The default length if none is specified defaults to 32 bytes. All instructions that are contained within or start within the specified range are disassembled.
If no range is specified, the U command continues disassembling at "disadd", which is updated by each U command to point after the last disassembled byte. The default length is the same as for if a range without a length is specified.
write W [address]
write W [address] [drive] [firstsector] [number]
If the debuggee terminated but did not release enough memory to create an empty process (a memory block of 512 bytes), then the debugger will emit an error message. Entering a command consisting only of a comma, followed directly by a Carriage Return, will attempt to create a process again. This command always displays a message stating what it did.
Most 16-bit 8086 debuggee registers can be accessed using the R command. These are:
ax, cx, dx, bx, sp, bp, si, di
es, cs, ss, ds
ip
These interrupts are hooked by the debugger.
These interrupts are hooked within the dexit function and unhooked before the dexit function returns.
Unhooking is always done by simply updating the IVT entries with whatever handlers are stored as the prior vectors.
MSDebug release 2 by ecm
Runs Debug, a program testing and editing tool.
DEBUG [[drive:][path]filename [testfile-parameters]]
[drive:][path]filename Specifies the file you want to test.
testfile-parameters Specifies command-line information required by
the file you want to test.
After Debug starts, type ? to display a list of debugging commands.
MSDebug release 2 by ecm help screen
assemble A [address]
compare C range address
dump D [range]
enter E address [list]
fill F range list
go G [=address] [addresses]
hex H value1 value2
input I port
load L [address] [drive] [firstsector] [number]
move M range address
name N [pathname] [arglist]
set command K [pathname [arglist]]
output O port byte
proceed P [=address] [number]
quit Q
register R [register]
search S range list
trace T [=address] [number]
unassemble U [range]
write W [address] [drive] [firstsector] [number]
Copyright (C) 1983 Microsoft Corp.
Modifications copyright 2018 John Elliott
and copyright 2022 S. V. Nickolas.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the Software), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
MS-DOS is a Registered Trademark of Microsoft Corp.
This section lists some benefits of lDebug, the FreeDOS Debug/X fork.
#’ modifier to enter in arbitrary numeric bases
lDebug can be built using the free software Netwide Assembler (NASM), but as of MSDebug release 2 the same is true of MSDebug.
However, there are some disadvantages to lDebug as well:
hg 4ecb3327bd97, from commit on at 2024-11-09 18:42:21 +0100
If this is in ecm's repository, you can find it at https://hg.pushbx.org/ecm/msdebug/rev/4ecb3327bd97